Keep out of reach of children and unauthorized persons. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Store in a cool, dry location away from sunlight.

The following discussion and recommendations are made expressly for recirculating systems.  Laboratory application may proceed as required by study objectives.  Review Disclaimer at bottom of page prior to using this or other Captiv8 Aquaculture product(s).

Formulation excludes phosphate- and hydroxide-based salts.

The rate of system acidification is driven by various chemical and physical factors which are unique to each independently-operating recirculating system, and which are constantly changing as cohort biomass increases and decreases.  Among the factors involved are: abundance and decomposition rates of DOM and POM; addition of carbon dioxide, yielding carbonic acid, in conjunction with calcareous media reactors; rate of gas exchange and immediate atmospheric CO2 content; application of substances which feature a low pH (e.g. shelf-stable organic solutions); average alkalinity (carbonate hardness) value; balance of CO2 production and uptake as a matter of rates of aerobic respiration and photosynthesis, respectively.  While this is not an exhaustive list of factors influencing pH in recirculating systems, these factors may collectively be of greatest consequence in the daily management of pH values.  

The unique nature of each individual recirculating system dictates that pH be monitored and maintained within the appropriate range, as dictated by cohort requirements and desired ammonia : ammonium balance.  Alkalinity, which may be functionally defined as the relative stability of pH, deserves similar daily attention from the caretaker(s) of recirculating systems.

Monitoring (daily) the system's pH range and referencing apparent changes in cohort biomass and appearance will enable User to adjust dosing of this formula to suit system requirements, improving overall effectiveness and resulting in less wasted solution.

Dose solution as necessary to maintain system alkalinity within desired range. Recommended is to begin at a dosing rate which does not exceed alkalinity increase of 18.1 mg/L (1.0 dKH) per 24h, monitoring system alkalinity with calibrated apparatus or other reliable alkalinity indicator. Permit system alkalinity to stabilize (T≥300s) before re-applying. Adjust dosing rate as necessary. If using with automated dosing apparatus, then do not introduce organic materials to direct vicinity of drip entry-point into system, as these may saponify. Do not exceed system pH maximum. Do not apply in close proximity to sessile invertebrates or developing finfish embryos. Monitor cohort for signs of distress when increasing average system alkalinity and pH, and decrease or halt rate of dosing if distress is noticed. Do not increase average system pH value by more than 0.10 per 12h. Aside from emergencies (e.g. excessive nutrient content in an active system, greatly depressed or excessive salinity, etc.), gradual changes in water composition are generally tolerated better by aquatic organisms than are rapid changes.

Recommended is diluting an appropriate volume of this solution into a larger volume of purified water (with a purity of at least 98%), and applying this diluted solution to the system with an automated dosing system which monitors and controls solution dosing as a function of pH value.  Do NOT use with a dosing system which is merely controlled by a timer, as this will not dose as a matter of pH value and may result in excessive system pH.